What Does The Lord’s Prayer Say About Bread and Debts?
Monday, April 28th, 2008The “Lord’s Prayer” is one of the most well-known portions of the Bible. It occurs in both the “The Sermon On The Mount” in Matthew 6:9-13 and “the Sermon on the Plain” in Luke 11:1-4. Many people who recite this prayer don’t realize that economic matters are central to the prayer.
Even though every Christian church uses the Lord’s Prayer, following Matthew’s version rather than Luke’s, there are variations in the exact wording.
Most Protestant churches end the prayer with the words, “For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory.” Roman Catholics omit this phrase. Some churches use the archaic English “thy” and “thine.”
The most significant difference between various churches is that some churches use the language of “debts,” some use “trespasses,” and some use “sins.”
When Jesus taught his followers to pray for daily bread and forgiveness of debts, it was more than a prayer for spiritual sustenance and forgiveness of sins. He was first of all referring to real bread and real debts.
The most basic meaning of the Greek word for “debts” is financial. This meaning is consistent with the approach of Jesus to the social and ethical injustices of his society against the poor and dispossessed. In the prayer, he makes explicit the need for real bread and for payment of debt.
The most critical element of the prayer is the reference to the Kingdom of God, which does not refer to an afterlife in Heaven. When Jesus prays, “Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven,” he is expressing his belief that God will end oppression, poverty, and suffering on earth. The Kingdom of God refers to the rule of God on earth.
The economic foundation of the prayer is lost when the words “bread” and “debts” become spiritual metaphors with no connection to real food and economic debt
No one who heard Jesus speak would have limited his words about bread and debts to spiritual metaphors. Jesus spoke to a population who were underfed and overtaxed. Most of the peasants were in debt, because the king and the elite class owned the land. They claimed proprietary rights to the land and everything grown on it. The demands from the ruling class were so high that the peasants were deeply in debt. In addition, many of the beggars were people who had been forced off the land because they could not pay their debts to the ruling class.
When you read the gospels, you can see that Jesus continually spoke about the real human needs of people in a society divided between the haves and the have-nots. He condemned the rich for their exploitation and oppression of the poor. He also condemned a religious system which identified so many groups of people as “unclean” and cut off from God’s blessing.”
Jesus saw hunger, poverty, sickness, and suffering endured by most of the population. He saw how the rich landowners grew rich at the expense of the poor. He saw people who were homeless because they had been driven off their land by high rents and taxes. He saw the result of high taxes on the people who had to turn over most of what they grew, made, or caught. He also knew what it was to live under Roman occupation. Roman soldiers could force people to do whatever they wanted. He saw how the Temple system collaborated with the Roman occupiers to bleed the people of their money and their power.
It is also true that Matthew’s version of the Lord’s Prayer preserves an Aramaic idiom. Aramaic writings show that the language of “debt” and “debtors” was used regularly for “sin” and “sinners.” Jesus spoke Aramaic and clearly intended that the word “debts” in the prayer refer to both money debts and sins.
In Luke, the prayer uses the word “sin” rather than “debt.” This loses the financial reality behind the metaphor and obscures the underlying concern with real bread and real debts.
If Christians want to pray as pray as Jesus intended, it is essential to recover the literal meanings of the words that have been treated as spiritual metaphors. Especially in these times, when basic staples such as wheat, rice, and corn are in short supply, prayer for daily bread is not simply a spiritual exercise. And prayer for forgiveness of debt is a reality for those facing foreclosure and bankruptcy, because they cannot pay their economic debts.
Jesus intended his words to refer to suffering and injustice in his own society. His prayer for bread and debts referred to real bread and forgiveness of real financial debts.